qPCR, RNA-seq and ChIP-qPCR analyses were performed on plants exposed to repeated episodes of cold to characterize the presence and stability of TM during the stress and growth responses of cold acclimation. We investigated the function of TM during cold acclimation in B. Studies on transcriptional memory (TM) revealed that plants can be primed for stress by adjusting their transcriptional responses, but the function of TM in stress accclimation is not well understood. The grass Brachypodium distachyon can grow a cold-adaptive morphology during cold acclimation. Plants that successfully acclimate to stress can resume growth under stressful conditions. Overall, it is remarkable that the Brachypodium genes play multiple distinctive roles in connecting freeze survival and anti-pathogenic systems via their encoded proteins’ ability to adsorb to ice as well as to attenuate bacterial ice nucleation and the host immune response. Structural models suggested that this was due to the affinity of the LRR domains to flg22. Additionally, the expression of Brachypodium LRRs in transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited an immune response to pathogen flagella peptides (flg22). These models are consistent with the experimentally demonstrated decreases in ice nucleating activity by lysates from wildtype compared to transgenic Brachypodium lines. We present structural models which indicate that ice-binding motifs on the ~13 kDa AFPs can “spoil” nucleating arrays on the ~120 kDa bacterial ice nucleating proteins used to form ice at high sub-zero temperatures. Intriguingly, Brachypodium AFP genes encode two proteins, an autonomous AFP and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR). The findings support a promising strategy for addressing sink strength under water restriction.Īntifreeze proteins (AFPs) from the model crop, Brachypodium distachyon, allow freeze survival and attenuate pathogen-mediated ice nucleation. The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site, while qPCR showed that transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress. Using bioinformatics tools, six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase. Remarkably, the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction. The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size. In addition, the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes. However, pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did. Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence. OTI at 100% field capacity (FC) and at 50% FC over 10 days at the beginning of pod filling. To address the effect of water restriction on sugar metabolism in fruits differing in sink strength under light–dark cycles, we used plants of cv. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod wall is essential for seed formation and to protect seeds.
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